In this article we are going to cover proper studio ventilation for the artist, with a focus on dealing with solvents. We will cover the various options for setting up a studio, and a few options you can use if no ventilation is possible.
Almost all illustrators working in oil use solvents. They are used for a wide variety of tasks: mixing, thinning, dissolving and cleaning paint as well as for making mediums, varnishes and so on. If you work in oil, you will likely be using them at some point.
Painters have been getting debilitating illnesses from solvents ever since they came into widespread use in the 1700's.
What are the hazards of inhaling solvent fumes?
Initially, exposure to high concentrations of fumes result in forms of temporary narcosis, (dizziness, fatigue, loss of coordination, nausea).
But it is the slow, unnoticeable build-up of harmful chemicals within the body over time that is the true danger of solvents.
Long term exposure can lead to more aggravating conditions that are sometimes irreversible and sometimes fatal: Contact dermatitis, respiratory system damage, kidney and bladder disease, as well as chronic brain and nervous system damage. (Yes, I said, permanent brain damage. And yes, I have worked a great deal with solvents in the past. This may confirm some of our reader's suspicions about me.)
Many famous artists in the past have fallen victim to illnesses acquired from the use and over-use of solvents. Their lives irreversibly damaged from it. There is no reason that with the knowledge and tools available to us now that we shouldn't be able to take sufficient steps to safeguard ourselves and our loved ones from any such fate.
The first step is always to know the dangers of the materials you are working with and limit how much of them you are allowing into the air.
If you are pumping too much of a chemical into the air then you will encounter problems no matter how good your ventilation is. According to environmental hygienists, studio air should be replaced 10 times every hour. (Though some experts say that anywhere from 6 to 10 is permissible with 10 being the gold standard.)
The Studio Environment
The Basics:
Choose a studio space that has windows that you can open, and if possible, that has more than one window. In general, the larger and more open the room the better. This will help prevent extreme concentrations from developing in the air. Even with good ventilation, a closet may kill you.
If you ever begin to feel light-headed or nauseous, leave the room, go outside and get fresh air. Your studio is not properly ventilated and you need to reconsider either your materials, your method of using your materials or your ventilation system.
Always consider other people who work in or around your studio space, and wether your setup is going to adversely affect them.
There are 2 types of Ventilation: Dilution Ventilation and Local Exhaust Ventilation.
Dilution Ventilation does not eliminate the harmful elements and vapors from the air. Instead it attempts to lower their concentration by bringing in clean air to dilute the contaminated air.
Local Exhaust Ventilation attempts to trap the fumes and airborne elements at their source, before they can enter the air, and then vent them outside and away from the studio.
With that, I will discuss some options for studio ventilation that employ one of these 2 methods of cleaning the air.
OPTION 1: An open door or window.
(Dilution Ventilation)
While this is a good start, it is not adequate to effectively dilute harmful elements from the average studio space. A single open window or door does not provide sufficient pressure to move or circulate air, so while there is new clean air coming in, or some of the contaminated air may be going out, there is not enough air replacement to prevent exposure.
You need to find a way of getting fresh air into a room, and the exposed air out. Which brings us to:
OPTION 2: Open a second window and place a box fan in it.
(Local Exhaust Ventilation)
Opening more than one window provides a route for air to flow through a room. But this alone may not move the air fast enough in the studio to prevent a harmful concentration of chemicals from lingering long enough to hurt you or contribute to a long-term build-up that will be harmful down the road.
In one of your open windows, place a box fan facing out. This will act to pull air through the studio from the other open window and out again through the window with the box fan. This will refresh the air more effectively than just a single open window.
See below:
A few rules to follow when using this:
-Never vent into another room in the house. Always vent the contaminated air OUTSIDE.
-Always have sufficient (equal) clean air to replace the contaminated air you are removing. (If you have a fan in a window, always have another window of equal size open.)
-Do not recirculate any of the exhausted air back into the studio. (The windows shouldn't be directly beside each other.)
-If you are using materials that are highly flammable, make sure your fans have spark-proof motors and fan blades.
OPTION 3: Simple Continuous Ventilation system.
(Local Exhaust Ventilation)
While option 2 has been an effective solution for my own studio, it may not be practical for everyone. Some people live in climates that do not allow for this, or do not have access to 2 windows.
For a studio whose location precludes Option 2, a simple ventilation system may be a suitable alternative. And installing one may not be as terribly expensive or as time consuming as you might expect. Depending on the amount of air that needs moved, it may only require some 6" HVAC ductwork and a 6" duct fan from the local hardware store.
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Bquin from the wetcanvas.com forums shows his setup here. The fan captures the harmful vapors at their source, and forces them out and away from the studio. |
OPTION 4: Local Exhaust Ventilation
The hood. This is in essence, an industrial-sized version of the ventilation system seen above. You probably remember seeing one of these back at your school science lab. Local exhaust ventilation captures harmful elements at the source by the use of an overhead hood. It then transfers them directly outside through a duct system.
This is the ideal and most comprehensive solution… if you have piles and piles of cash lying around. They can be very expensive and difficult to install in the average studio space. But they are very effective at removing harmful elements from the air.
Here again, it is necessary to have a secondary source for replacing the air that is being vented outside. With some of these it may only require an open window. For others it may require an air or heat transfer system.
OPTION 5: Air filter and Purifiers
(Dilution Ventilation)
Air purifiers take the exposed air in a studio and pass it through a filter, which captures much of the harmful material, and then releases the cleaned air back into the studio. While purifiers can help significantly reduce the amount of harmful materials in the air, they cannot completely eliminate the hazardous elements. Most of the models made for homes are excellent at servicing small jobs, but lack the power to handle larger projects.
My Austin Healthmate Jr. can exchange the air in my studio space almost 5 times per hour, just shy of the minimum recommended 6, and half the hoped-for 10.
-If you purchase an air filter, charcoal and active carbon are the best. A good activated-carbon HEPA air filter, such as the Austin Healthmate, costs about $600 with replacement filters priced at about $200.
OPTION 6: A Respirator Mask
(Wait, wear a gas mask? …Sure, I'll get right on that.)
A respirator mask is the absolute last line of defense, used only when all else has failed. If you cannot otherwise properly ventilate your studio, or you are deathly allergic to even a trace of the chemicals you are working with, then this would be something to consider. But if it looks like the job will require a mask, you really need to ask yourself if it is worth it.
There are artists who do work with masks and if you find that you have no other choice, then there are good ones available. Make sure the mask you purchase is OSHA or NIOSH approved and that it has an organic vapor filter cartridge. (Simple cotton filters will not suffice.)
Always consider the health of the other people in or near your work environment who are not wearing respirator masks.
OPTION 7: Place a tiny little fan beside you that gently blows the air away from your face.
(False)
This option does not work at all. It merely stirs the air up, but does nothing to either dilute or replace the air in the room. The concentration remains. However, many people still seem to use it and believe that it works. They may tell you that it is a genius idea that Leonardo Da Vinci invented and that it makes you totally safe from everything. Do not heed their words. In that way lies destruction.
IN CONCLUSION...
If you are going to use solvents, you need to consider studio ventilation. For your immediate comfort, your long term health, and the health and comfort of those who live and share a space with you.
If you are going to use solvents, you need to consider studio ventilation. For your immediate comfort, your long term health, and the health and comfort of those who live and share a space with you.
***Note!***
This ventilation described above is for dealing with vapors only. It is not sufficient if you are dealing with particulates (as with airbrushing or grinding paints). Be sure to research everything about all of the tools and paints you intend to use before setting up your own studio ventilation system.
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